Pure Soy Wax vs Soy Wax Blend for Candle Making
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Does a coconut-soy blend hold more fragrance? CSI 468 publishes up to 13%, but so does pure-soy Luxury Soy Wax Chunks. The ceiling belongs to the grade, and the oil page’s limit governs if lower — often 10%.
Which is better in Indian summer heat? Only CSI 468 publishes a melting point, 50–53°C; the 100% soy grades publish none. Coconut generally softens a wax, so test both in your real packaging before summer shipping.
Can I make my own soy blend? Yes, cheaply — Vybar at 0.5% adds ₹3.12 to a 200 g candle — but every published ceiling and temperature stops applying to your mix. Treat it as a new wax and test before selling.
What “blend” actually means — three very different things
A 100% soy wax, as the label says, is soybean oil that has been hydrogenated into a solid wax, with nothing else added to change its character. A blend is soy plus something that changes how it behaves. In practice, three kinds of blend reach Indian candle makers, and they differ so much that comparing “pure soy vs blend” without naming the kind is like comparing “plain dal vs dal with something added” — tadka and a spoon of ghee are not the same change.
1. Coconut-soy blends. Soy with a coconut-derived component, usually chosen for a softer, creamier look and a lower working temperature. At CSI this is Premium Coconut Soy CSI 468, whose page calls it a “coconut-soy hybrid”, and Premium Coconut Soy Wax, described as “a blend of pure, non-GMO soy and virgin coconut oil”. Neither page publishes the ratio.
2. Soy-beeswax blends. Soy with beeswax, which firms and changes the texture. At CSI this is Soy Butter Wax, described as “a blend of natural soy pellets, soy chunks, and bees wax” with a “luxurious, creamy texture” — a wax for whipped and dessert candles, not jars.
3. Additive-modified soy. A soy base with a small percentage of an additive, usually mixed by the maker. CSI sells the ingredients: Vybar Additive (the page gives 0.5–2% of wax weight, and 0.5–1% for soy), Microcrystalline Wax Slab (1–5% for hardening blends, per its page), Coconut Wax (sold as “the perfect blend when paired with soy or beeswax”) and Beeswax Pellets. Once you add any of these, you have made a blend of your own.
| Grade | What the page says it is | Kind | Published fragrance ceiling | Published temperatures | ₹ per kg (1 kg pack) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luxury Soy Wax CSI 464 | 100% soy container wax, flakes, single pour | Pure soy | Up to 10% | Page gives 80–90°C as the working range for melting and pouring | ₹507.40 |
| Luxury Soy Wax Chunks | 100% natural plant-derived soy, chunks, container wax | Pure soy | Up to 13% (8% start, 10% recommended) | Melt approx. 80–85°C · fragrance 80–90°C · pour 75–80°C | ₹599.00 |
| Eco Soy CSI 400 | 100% soy chunks, produced in India, “no need for additional additives” | Pure soy | Not published | Fragrance at 85°C (80–90°C) | ₹399.00 |
| Premium Coconut Soy CSI 468 | Coconut-soy blend, flakes, one-pour container wax | Coconut-soy | Up to 13% | Melting point 50–53°C · pour 58–60°C | ₹650.00 (₹637.00 at 5 kg) |
| Premium Coconut Soy Wax | Non-GMO soy and virgin coconut oil | Coconut-soy | Not published | Not published | ₹920.00 |
| Soy Butter Wax | Soy pellets, soy chunks and beeswax; creamy texture | Soy-beeswax | Not published | Not published | ₹1,097.40 |
Two things are clear before any performance question. The pure soy side is better documented at the cheap end, and the blend side is better documented at only one grade: CSI 468 is the one blend that publishes a fragrance ceiling, a pour temperature and a melting point. The other two blends are sold on description. That asymmetry shapes every section below, because a wax you can plan around is worth more to a seller than a wax you have to discover.
Throw: headroom on paper vs headroom you can use
On paper, the blends win the fragrance-load contest by three percentage points: CSI 468 publishes up to 13%, against 10% for pure-soy CSI 464. But the pure-soy Luxury Soy Wax Chunks also publishes 13%, so “blend” is not what buys the headroom — the grade is. And the wax is only half of the limit. The oil page sets the other half, and when they differ, the lower figure governs.
| Wax | Wax page ceiling | Oil page limit (example) | Working maximum | What the extra headroom buys |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSI 464 (pure) | Up to 10% | Fallen Leaves: 6–10% for candles | 10% | — |
| Luxury Soy Wax Chunks (pure) | Up to 13% | Fallen Leaves: 6–10% for candles | 10% | Nothing with this oil |
| CSI 468 (blend) | Up to 13% | Fallen Leaves: 6–10% for candles | 10% | Nothing with this oil |
| Premium Coconut Soy Wax (blend) | Not published | Fallen Leaves: 6–10% for candles | Ask before exceeding the oil page | Unknown |
| Any grade | — | An oil page allowing more than 10% for soy | Lower of the two | Room above 10% in Chunks or CSI 468 only |
With an oil like Fallen Leaves, whose page recommends 6–10% for candles, all three documented grades land on the same 10% working maximum. The blend premium buys no extra fragrance at all. Headroom above 10% only becomes real with an oil whose page permits it, and even then the pure-soy Chunks offer it at ₹51.00 a kilo less than CSI 468 at the 1 kg pack. For which oils suit the coconut-soy side, see which fragrance families perform best in coconut-soy wax.
What about release — how readily the wax gives the fragrance up once lit? The CSI 468 page speaks of “the creamy texture and scent throw benefits of coconut” and “excellent hot and cold throw”; the CSI 464 page claims “strong scent throw (both cold and hot)”. Those are the pages’ descriptions, and CSI publishes no side-by-side throw measurements. As general practice, makers often find a softer coconut-soy blend forms its melt pool a little sooner on the same wick, which can help a candle reach full throw earlier in a burn. It is a tendency to test, not a promise — wick size, cure and load still decide most of the result. For the wider throw comparison, see soy wax vs coconut soy: which gives better throw.
Real reviews point the same way: throw comes from the combination. Priyanka Purohit, reviewing Lavender Fragrance Oil, writes “Cold through and hot though both are perfect” — about an oil, not a wax type. Good throw in either wax is a matched set of grade, oil, load, wick and cure.
Finish, colour and frosting in the jar
Frosting is the white, crystalline bloom that soy is known for: a natural tendency of the wax to form visible crystals on the surface and against the glass, worse after temperature swings. It does not change how a candle burns, but on a dark-coloured candle in a clear jar it can make a premium gift candle look tired. Every CSI container grade addresses it on its page: CSI 464 claims “low frosting, minimal blooming”, Luxury Soy Wax Chunks “minimal frosting”, CSI 468 “rich, opaque appearance with minimal frosting” and an “ultra-smooth finish”. Eco Soy CSI 400 is described as having a “rich, off-white finish”.
As general practice, coconut-soy blends are chosen for creamier, smoother tops and less visible frosting than straight soy, because the softer component changes how the wax crystallises as it cools. That is a genuine reason to pay for a blend if your brand sells on the look — a matte black jar hides frosting, a clear jar with a deep colour shows everything. But pure soy poured at the right temperature into warm jars and cooled slowly, away from a fan or an open window, often gives a top most customers will never question. For the mechanism and the prevention routine, see why soy wax frosts.
Colour. Both families take liquid dye. Antara Srinivas Iyer, reviewing CSI’s liquid dyes, reports “Good vibrant colours in both luxury soy wax and coconut soy wax.” Soy of either kind is opaque, so expect soft, pastel-leaning shades rather than the glassy brights of paraffin; Shanu Shah notes the dye is so concentrated “a little amount gives the candle good pastel shade”. Where blends help is indirect: less frosting means a coloured top stays even for longer on the shelf. For dye formats, see liquid dye vs dye chips.
Soy and soy blends can look perfect for the first day and change over the next week as the wax settles and crystallises. When comparing a pure soy and a blend, pour both on the same evening, store them side by side on the same shelf away from direct sun and fans, and photograph the tops and the glass on days 1, 3, 7 and 10 in the same light. A Kolkata October and a Delhi December will give different results, so compare under your own conditions, not someone else’s photos. Only then decide whether the blend’s finish is worth its price to your customer.
Adhesion and working temperatures
Every documented container grade claims excellent glass adhesion: CSI 464 (“excellent glass adhesion”), Luxury Soy Wax Chunks (“excellent adhesion to glass and other container surfaces”), CSI 468 (“excellent glass adhesion and a one-pour finish”). None publishes a measurement, so there is no honest basis for saying either family grips a jar better. In general practice, wet spots — patches where wax has let go of the glass — come mostly from process: cold jars, fast cooling, pouring too hot or too cold for the grade, and moving candles before they set. Choosing a blend will not fix a draughty pouring table. For the causes, see why candles get wet spots.
Working temperatures are a real difference, and a practical one. CSI 468 publishes a pour temperature of 58–60°C and a melting point of 50–53°C. Luxury Soy Wax Chunks publishes a pour of 75–80°C, with fragrance added at 80–90°C; the CSI 464 page gives 80–90°C as the working range for melting and pouring. So the blend is poured some 15–20°C cooler than the pure soy grades. That means more waiting between adding fragrance and pouring, and a different feel in the jug. The CSI 468 page does not publish a fragrance-add temperature, so ask CSI before you settle on one.
Heat tolerance through an Indian summer
CSI 468’s published melting point is 50–53°C. None of the 100% soy grades publishes a melting point (the CSI 464 page gives a working range for melting and pouring, which is a different thing). So you cannot compare the two families on a published number. What general practice says is that coconut components soften a soy wax, so a coconut-soy blend is usually the softer of the two at the same room temperature — creamier to look at, and quicker to soften when things get hot.
For an Indian seller, that matters in three places. A candle on a Nagpur shelf in May sits in a room that can pass 40°C. A parcel in a closed delivery vehicle in Ahmedabad can get hotter than the room. And a candle in a customer’s car during a Delhi afternoon can get hotter still. None of that means a blend is unusable in summer — plenty of makers sell coconut-soy year-round — but it means the blend’s lower published melting point is a risk to test, not to assume away. Pure soy is not automatically safe either: it simply does not publish the number.
The practical test is the same for both: pour three finished candles in the packaging you actually ship, leave them for a day in the hottest place you can safely reproduce — a closed room in afternoon sun, a car boot on a test drive — and inspect for softened tops, oil on the surface and wax moving in the jar. If the blend fails and pure soy passes, you have your answer for summer, whatever the brochures say.
Cost per candle: pure soy, factory blend or your own blend
The costing unit is the series standard: 200 g of wax plus 16 g of fragrance oil (8% of wax weight) and one wick. The oil here is Fallen Leaves Fragrance Oil at the 1 kg pack (₹4.25 per gram, so ₹67.97 for 16 g; its page recommends 6–10% for candles), and the wick is an Eco Candle Wick Thin (C1) at ₹5.90. Jars, labels and packaging are excluded. Wax is priced at the 1 kg pack so every grade is compared on the same footing; CSI 468 also drops to ₹637.00/kg at 5 kg.
| Grade | Kind | Wax (200 g) | Oil (16 g) | Wick | Candle total | Published ceiling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eco Soy CSI 400 | Pure soy | ₹79.80 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹153.67 | Not published |
| Luxury Soy Wax CSI 464 | Pure soy | ₹101.48 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹175.35 | Up to 10% |
| Luxury Soy Wax Chunks | Pure soy | ₹119.80 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹193.67 | Up to 13% |
| Premium Coconut Soy CSI 468 | Coconut-soy | ₹130.00 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹203.87 (₹201.27 at 5 kg) | Up to 13% |
| Premium Coconut Soy Wax | Coconut-soy | ₹184.00 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹257.87 | Not published |
| Soy Butter Wax | Soy-beeswax (dessert) | ₹219.48 | ₹67.97 | ₹5.90 | ₹293.35 | Not published |
The comparison most makers actually face is CSI 464 against CSI 468. At the 1 kg pack the blend costs ₹142.60 more per kilo and ₹28.52 more per candle; at 5 kg, ₹129.60 per kilo, ₹25.92 per candle and ₹2,592.00 per hundred candles — about 15% on the material cost of the candle. The oil is 39% of the pure-soy candle’s cost, so a change of fragrance moves the total more than a change of wax. The second coconut-soy grade, Premium Coconut Soy Wax, costs ₹270.00 more per kilo than CSI 468 while publishing none of its working figures — for a maker who needs numbers to plan with, CSI 468 is the stronger blend on both counts.
A festive corporate order, priced both ways
A Gurugram company asks for 150 scented gift candles for its Diwali hampers, in clear glass with a pale blush dye. That is 30 kg of wax, 2.4 kg of oil and 150 wicks (illustrative order). In pure soy: three 10 kg packs of CSI 464 at ₹15,222.00. In the blend: three 10 kg packs of CSI 468 at ₹19,110.00 — the 10 kg pack had 7 in stock on 11 September 2026, so confirm before quoting. Fallen Leaves for both: two 1 kg bottles and one 500 g bottle, ₹10,620.00. Wicks: a 100-pack and a 50-pack of C1, ₹885.00. Materials come to ₹26,727.00 in pure soy and ₹30,615.00 in the blend, a difference of ₹3,888.00, or ₹25.92 a hamper.
Now ask what the client sees. Clear glass and a pale colour are exactly where a smoother, less frosted top shows, and a corporate buyer opening 150 hampers will notice a batch that has bloomed unevenly. On this order the blend is easy to justify. Swap the brief for matte black jars with a deep oud scent and the same arithmetic points the other way: the jar hides the top, the oil page caps the load at the same level, and the difference is margin you keep. Both answers come from the same two prices.
What a home-made blend really costs
Mixing your own looks cheaper, and on wax alone it can be. An illustrative 80/20 mix — 160 g of CSI 464 at the 5 kg rate plus 40 g of Coconut Wax at ₹1,026.60/kg — costs ₹122.25 for 200 g, against ₹127.40 for 200 g of CSI 468 at 5 kg: ₹5.15 less per candle. The ratio is an illustration, not a recommendation; CSI publishes no soy-to-coconut ratio.
| Change to 200 g of wax | Grams added | Cost of the addition | Source of the rate | What stops applying |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vybar at 0.5% of wax weight | 1 g | ₹3.12 | Vybar page: 0.5–1% for soy | Base wax page figures no longer describe the mix |
| Vybar at 1% | 2 g | ₹6.24 | Vybar page: 0.5–1% for soy | As above |
| Microcrystalline Wax at 2% | 4 g | ₹1.20 | Micro page: 1–5% for hardening blends | As above |
| Beeswax Pellets replacing 5% of CSI 464 | 10 g | ₹2.93 net | Illustrative; no ratio published | Ceiling, temperatures, finish |
| Coconut Wax replacing 20% of CSI 464 | 40 g | ₹122.25 for the 200 g mix | Illustrative; no ratio published | Ceiling, temperatures, melting behaviour |
The additions themselves are cheap — ₹3.12 of Vybar per candle at 0.5%, ₹1.20 of microcrystalline at 2%. The hidden cost is information. CSI 468’s 13% ceiling and 58–60°C pour were published for CSI 468 as sold. CSI 464’s 10% ceiling was published for CSI 464 as sold. Your 80/20 mix has no published ceiling, no pour temperature and no melting point, and you inherit the job of finding them by test pours and burns. For a hobbyist that can be half the fun. For a seller pouring 200 festive candles, the ₹5.15 saved per candle rarely pays for the testing, the failed batches and the uncertainty. The Vybar page itself positions the additive as a controlled, low-percentage tool, and single-pour soys like Eco Soy CSI 400 are sold as needing no additives at all. For more, see is Vybar necessary.
Which to pour: a decision by candle and by seller
For most scented container candles sold in India, pure soy is the sensible default: CSI 464 publishes a ceiling of up to 10%, gives 80–90°C as its working range for melting and pouring, states a 60-month shelf life in cool, dry storage and costs ₹507.40/kg from 1 kg to 10 kg. Most CSI oil pages stop at 10% for soy, so its ceiling rarely limits you. What it will not give you is a published melting point, and a clear jar with a deep colour will show any frosting your process allows.
Thenirvaofficial calls it “One of the best wax for container Candles. Easy to work with, especially if you are a beginner.”
| Pack | Price | ₹ per kg |
|---|---|---|
| 500 g | ₹260.00 | ₹520.00 |
| 1 kg | ₹507.40 | ₹507.40 |
| 5 kg | ₹2,537.00 | ₹507.40 |
| 10 kg | ₹5,074.00 | ₹507.40 |
The only blend in the range with a full published set: up to 13%, pour 58–60°C, melting point 50–53°C, 60-month shelf life, and RSPO-certified options available according to the page. Choose it when a creamy, smooth top and low visible frosting are part of what the customer pays for — clear jars, pale colours, premium gifting — and when you are prepared to handle the cooler pour. Test summer shipments before relying on it from April to June.
Arminder Kaur’s review: “all the materials are high quality and ultimate fragrance range”.
| Pack | Price | ₹ per kg |
|---|---|---|
| 500 g | ₹325.00 | ₹650.00 |
| 1 kg | ₹650.00 | ₹650.00 |
| 5 kg | ₹3,185.00 | ₹637.00 |
| 10 kg | ₹6,370.00 | ₹637.00 |
If you want the 13% ceiling but not the blend’s finish or cooler pour, the pure-soy Luxury Soy Wax Chunks publish the same up to 13% at ₹599.00/kg — ₹10.20 less per candle than CSI 468 at the 1 kg pack — with the fullest published method in the range. It is the right answer only when your oil page permits more than 10%.
| Your situation | Lean towards | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Scented jars, oils capped at 10%, matte or coloured jars | Pure soy (CSI 464) | Same working load as a blend, lower cost, full published figures |
| Clear jars, pale colours, premium gift boxes in Mumbai or Bengaluru | Factory blend (CSI 468) | Finish is part of the price; published pour and melting point |
| Oils whose pages allow more than 10% for soy | Chunks or CSI 468 | Only grades publishing 13%; choose on finish and temperature |
| Pan-India shipping from April to June | Test both in real packaging | Blend’s 50–53°C melting point is published; pure soy’s is not |
| Tightest cost per candle, willing to test | Pure soy (CSI 400) | Cheapest soy; ceiling not published, so ask and test |
| Whipped or dessert toppings | Soy-beeswax (Soy Butter Wax) | Built for texture, not for jars |
| Curious hobbyist, small batches | Home blend, if you enjoy testing | Cheap additions, but you lose every published figure |
On delivery charges. A blend bought in small packs to test often travels with other orders, and delivery cost is a fair complaint in CSI’s reviews: Mahak agarwal, happy with the quality of the luxury soy and pillar waxes, adds that “their shipment charges were too higb for me”. Combine a trial with your wick and oil order, and ask for a delivery quote to your pincode on WhatsApp before you order.
CANDLEMAKINGSUPPLIESINDIA supplies raw materials, not finished candles, and sells both pure soy and blends — including the dearer ones. So this page says what a supplier might prefer to leave out: for most scented jars the cheaper pure soy reaches the same fragrance load as our coconut-soy blend, our ₹920.00/kg coconut-soy wax publishes fewer working figures than the ₹650.00/kg one, and a blend’s finish advantage depends on your process as much as the wax.
Every price comes from live CSI stock on 11 September 2026, September 2026 pricing, taxes included; the linked product pages are authoritative if anything changes. Fragrance ceilings are the wax manufacturer’s stated formulation maximums as printed on each page, as a percentage of wax weight. Performance descriptions such as finish, frosting and throw are the pages’ own claims, attributed as such; CSI publishes no side-by-side test data for pure soy against blends, and none is implied. General candle-making practice is labelled as general practice, and home-blend ratios are illustrative.
Message WhatsApp +91 7397976926 for bulk pricing, GST invoicing, MSDS and IFRA documentation, delivery quotes to your pincode, or the unpublished figures — fragrance-add temperature for CSI 468, and ceilings and temperatures for Eco Soy CSI 400, Premium Coconut Soy Wax and Soy Butter Wax.
Frequently asked questions
- Soy Wax vs Coconut Soy: Which Gives Better Throw?
- Which Fragrance Families Perform Best in Coconut-Soy Wax?
- What Wax Gives Candles a Creamy, Luxury Appearance?
- Why Is My Soy Wax Frosting? The Honest Truth Indian Candle Makers Are Never Told
- Is Vybar Necessary for Candle Making? (Honest Answer for Indian Candle Makers)
- Which Candle Wax Works Best with Premium Fragrance Oils?
- Why Does My Candle Have Wet Spots?
- Candle Liquid Dye vs Dye Chips: Which Is Better for Candle Making?
- Best Candle Wax for Scented Candles in India 2026: Complete Comparison Guide - Luxury Soy Wax vs Premium Coconut Soy Wax vs Virgin Coconut Soy Wax from CandleMakingSuppliesIndia (CSI)
Customer reviews: The six reviews at the top of this page are genuine, published Judge.me reviews left by CSI customers on their product pages. Names, star ratings, dates and products are as recorded by Judge.me. One longer review is shortened with an ellipsis; wording is otherwise unedited. One is not recorded as a verified purchase — shown as recorded. Not recorded by Judge.me as a verified purchase, so shown without a verified-buyer badge: Mahak agarwal. No location is shown against any review because Judge.me does not store one.
Figures verified September 2026 (CSI live pricing). Wax prices (taxes included, 11 September 2026): Luxury Soy Wax CSI 464 500 g ₹260.00, 1 kg ₹507.40, 5 kg ₹2,537.00, 10 kg ₹5,074.00; Luxury Soy Wax Chunks 500 g ₹299.00, 1 kg ₹599.00; Eco Soy CSI 400 1 kg ₹399.00; Premium Coconut Soy CSI 468 500 g ₹325.00, 1 kg ₹650.00, 5 kg ₹3,185.00, 10 kg ₹6,370.00; Premium Coconut Soy Wax 1 kg ₹920.00; Soy Butter Wax 1 kg ₹1,097.40; Natural Soy Pearl Wax 1 kg ₹450.00; Coconut Wax 1 kg ₹1,026.60; Beeswax Pellets yellow 1 kg ₹800.00; Vybar Additive 50 g ₹156.00; Microcrystalline Wax Slab 1 kg ₹299.00. Specs and descriptions from product pages: CSI 464 100% soy, up to 10%, 80–90°C working range for melting and pouring, 60-month shelf life, low frosting and minimal blooming (page claim); Luxury Soy Wax Chunks 100% natural plant-derived soy, up to 13% (8% start, 10% recommended), melt approx. 80–85°C, fragrance at 80–90°C, pour 75–80°C, cure minimum 48 hours, ideally 1–2 weeks; Eco Soy CSI 400 100% soy, fragrance at 85°C (80–90°C), no additives needed (page), ceiling not published; CSI 468 coconut-soy blend, melting point 50–53°C, pour 58–60°C, up to 13%, 60-month shelf life, RSPO-certified options available (page claim), fragrance-add temperature not published; Premium Coconut Soy Wax non-GMO soy and virgin coconut oil, no working figures published; Soy Butter Wax soy pellets, soy chunks and beeswax, no working figures published; Natural Soy Pearl “made from a blend of soy wax”; Vybar 0.5–2% of wax weight, 0.5–1% for soy, added before fragrance and colour; Microcrystalline 1–5% for hardening blends; Coconut Wax sold for pairing with soy or beeswax. Costing unit (illustrative): 200 g of wax + 16 g of fragrance oil at 8% of wax weight (216 g poured); Fallen Leaves Fragrance Oil 1 kg ₹4,248.00 (₹4.25/g, 16 g = ₹67.97; page recommends 6–10% for candles), 100 gm ₹472.00; Eco Candle Wicks Thin (C1) 100 wicks ₹590.00 (₹5.90 each), 10 wicks ₹59.00. Candle costs at 1 kg pack rates unless stated; jars, labels and packaging excluded. Fallen Leaves 500 gm ₹2,124.00; Eco Candle Wicks Thin (C1) 50 wicks ₹295.00. Illustrative only: the 150-candle Gurugram corporate order, the 80/20 CSI 464 and Coconut Wax mix, the 5% beeswax substitution, the additive percentages applied to a 200 g candle, and the maker scenarios. Reviews quoted: Antara Srinivas Iyer and Shanu Shah (liquid dyes), Priyanka Purohit (Lavender), Thenirvaofficial (CSI 464), Arminder Kaur (CSI 468), Mahak agarwal (Soy Pillar Wax). Diwali 2026 is 8 November 2026; pour by about mid-October for a 14–21 day cure plus shipping. Prices and availability change — the linked product pages are always authoritative.